Date: Thursday, 08 November 2007 10:30 AM From: Mark Jacobson To: 810-080-02-fall@uni.edu Subject: [810-080-02-FALL] 5-tuples and binary and ASCII codes for letters... Hi 080 students, Here is some Microsoft Excel spreadsheet output that will help you see the 5-tuple concept better, not to mention understanding ASCII concepts of encoding our alphabet and other symbols in binary. ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange Letter ASCII base 2 base 16 ASCII mod 11 ------ ----- -------- ------- ------------ A 65 01000001 41 10 B 66 01000010 42 0 C 67 01000011 43 1 D 68 01000100 44 2 E 69 01000101 45 3 F 70 01000110 46 4 ... Z 90 01011010 5A 2 For the 5-tuples, note that the ASCII values for the letters A through Z are as follows: A 65 B 66 C 67 D 68 E 69 F 70 G 71 H 72 I 73 J 74 Letter ASCII value ------ ----------- A 65 B 66 C 67 D 68 E 69 F 70 G 71 H 72 I 73 J 74 K 75 L 76 M 77 N 78 O 79 P 80 Q 81 R 82 S 83 T 84 U 85 V 86 W 87 X 88 Y 89 Z 90 ------ ----------- Letter ASCII value The code for "0" is 48 and the code for "9" is 57. Think the United States which has 48 states, without Alaska and Hawaii, which are separated geographically from the other 48 states. Add 9 to 48 to get 57 or else think of the steak sauce to get ASCII code for the digit "9". The spacebar (blank) has code 32 in ASCII. The lower case letters have ASCII value identical to the upper case letter, except the 32's bit is ON instead of OFF. a = 01 1 00001 65 + 32 = 97 A = 01 0 00001 - z = 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 90 + 32 = 122 is code for lower case z Z = 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 - ^ 32 bit is on for z, off for Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII Mark